آموزش زبان انگلیسی
گروه آموزش زبان انگلیسی ناحیه ۱ زنجانآموزش زبان انگلیسی
گروه آموزش زبان انگلیسی ناحیه ۱ زنجانCharles Dickens
Dickens
enjoyed a wider popularity than had any previous author during his lifetime.
Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity than had any previous author during his lifetime. Much in his work could appeal to simple and sophisticated, to the poor and to the queen, and technological developments as well as the qualities of his work enabled his fame to spread worldwide very quickly. His long career saw fluctuations in the reception and sales of individual novels, but none of them was negligible or uncharacteristic or disregarded, and, though he is now admired for aspects and phases of his work that were given less weight by his contemporaries, his popularity has never ceased and his present critical standing is higher than ever before. The most abundantly comic of English authors, he was much more than a great entertainer. The range, compassion, and intelligence of his apprehension of his society and its shortcomings enriched his novels and made him both one of the great forces in 19th-century literature and an influential spokesman of the conscience of his age.
Early years
Dickens left Portsmouth in infancy. His happiest childhood years were spent in Chatham (1817–22), an area to which he often reverted in his fiction. From 1822 he lived in London, until, in 1860, he moved permanently to a country house, Gad’s Hill, near Chatham. His origins were middle class, if of a newfound and precarious respectability; one grandfather had been a domestic servant, and the other an embezzler. His father, a clerk in the navy pay office, was well paid, but his extravagance and ineptitude often brought the family to financial embarrassment or disaster. (Some of his failings and his ebullience are dramatized in Mr. Micawber in the partly autobiographical David Copperfield.) In 1824 the family reached bottom. Charles, the eldest son, had been withdrawn from school and was now set to manual work in a factory, and his father went to prison for debt. These shocks deeply affected Charles. Though abhorring this brief descent into the working class, he began to gain that sympathetic knowledge of its life and privations that informed his writings. Also, the images of the prison and of the lost, oppressed, or bewildered child recur in many novels. Much else in his character and art stemmed from this period, including, as the 20th-century novelist Angus Wilson has argued, his later difficulty, as man and author, in understanding women: this may be traced to his bitter resentment against his mother, who had, he felt, failed disastrously at this time to appreciate his sufferings. She had wanted him to stay at work when his father’s release from prison and an improvement in the family’s fortunes made the boy’s return to school possible. Happily, the father’s view prevailed.
His schooling, interrupted and unimpressive, ended at 15. He became a clerk in a solicitor’s office, then a shorthand reporter in the lawcourts (thus gaining a knowledge of the legal world often used in the novels), and finally, like other members of his family, a parliamentary and newspaper reporter. These years left him with a lasting affection for journalism and contempt both for the law and for Parliament. His coming to manhood in the reformist 1830s, and particularly his working on the Liberal Benthamite Morning Chronicle (1834–36), greatly affected his political outlook. Another influential event now was his rejection as suitor to Maria Beadnell because his family and prospects were unsatisfactory; his hopes of gaining and chagrin at losing her sharpened his determination to succeed. His feelings about Maria then and at her later brief and disillusioning reentry into his life are reflected in David Copperfield’s adoration of Dora Spenlow and in the middle-aged Arthur Clennam’s discovery (in Little Dorrit) that Flora Finching, who had seemed enchanting years ago, was “diffuse and silly,” that Flora, “whom he had left a lily, had become a peony.”
Beginning of literary career
Much drawn to the theatre, Dickens nearly became a professional actor in 1832. In 1833 he began contributing stories and descriptive essays to magazines and newspapers; these attracted attention and were reprinted as Sketches by “Boz” (February 1836). The same month, he was invited to provide a comic serial narrative to accompany engravings by a well-known artist; seven weeks later the first installment of Pickwick Papers appeared. Within a few months Pickwick was the rage and Dickens the most popular author of the day. During 1836 he also wrote two plays and a pamphlet on a topical issue (how the poor should be allowed to enjoy the Sabbath) and, resigning from his newspaper job, undertook to edit a monthly magazine, Bentley’s Miscellany, in which he serialized Oliver Twist (1837–39). Thus, he had two serial installments to write every month. Already the first of his nine surviving children had been born; he had married (in April 1836) Catherine, eldest daughter of a respected Scottish journalist and man of letters, George Hogarth.
For several years his life continued at this intensity. Finding serialization congenial and profitable, he repeated the Pickwick pattern of 20 monthly parts in Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39); then he experimented with shorter weekly installments for The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41) and Barnaby Rudge (1841). Exhausted at last, he then took a five-month vacation in America, touring strenuously and receiving quasi-royal honours as a literary celebrity but offending national sensibilities by protesting against the absence of copyright protection. A radical critic of British institutions, he had expected more from “the republic of my imagination,” but he found more vulgarity and sharp practice to detest than social arrangements to admire. Some of these feelings appear in American Notes (1842) and Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–44).
Middle years
Journalism
Dickens’s journalistic ambitions at last found a permanent form in Household Words (1850–59) and its successor, All the Year Round (1859–88). Popular weekly miscellanies of fiction, poetry, and essays on a wide range of topics, these had substantial and increasing circulations, reaching 300,000 for some of the Christmas numbers. Dickens contributed some serials—the lamentable Child’s History of England (1851–53), Hard Times (1854), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1860–61)—and essays, some of which were collected in Reprinted Pieces (1858) and The Uncommercial Traveller (1861, later amplified). Particularly in 1850–52 and during the Crimean War, he contributed many items on current political and social affairs; in later years he wrote less—much less on politics—and the magazine was less political, too. Other distinguished novelists contributed serials, including Mrs. Gaskell, Wilkie Collins, Charles Reade, and Bulwer Lytton. The poetry was uniformly feeble; Dickens was imperceptive here. The reportage, often solidly based, was bright (sometimes painfully so) in manner. His conduct of these weeklies showed his many skills as editor and journalist but also some limitations in his tastes and intellectual ambitions. The contents are revealing in relation to his novels: he took responsibility for all the opinions expressed (for articles were anonymous) and selected and amended contributions accordingly; thus, comments on topical events and so on may generally be taken as representing his opinions, whether or not he wrote them. No English author of comparable status has devoted 20 years of his maturity to such unremitting editorial work, and the weeklies’ success was due not only to his illustrious name but also to his practical sagacity and sustained industry. Even in his creative work, as his eldest son said,
No city clerk was ever more methodical or orderly than he; no humdrum, monotonous, conventional task could ever have been discharged with more punctuality, or with more businesslike regularity.
Common English Sayings
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Adjectives that look like Adverbs
: Here is a list of adjectives that end in -ly and sometimes get mistaken for adverbs
Fatherly,Deadly ,Daily (Can also be an adverb) ,Cowardly ,Costly, Comely,Brotherly, Beastly ,Elderly
Godly,Ghostly , Ghastly , Gentlewomanly, Gentlemanly,Friendly ,-Fortnightly-Can also be an adverb
Manly ,Maidenly, Lowly ,Lovely,Lonely, Lively,Likely ,Leisurely, Kingly,Humanly,Homely,Holy, Goodly
Motherly , Monthly (Can also be an adverb) ,Miserly,Matronly ,Masterly , Nightly ,Painterly ,Priestly
Princely,Saintly,Scholarly,Scholarly ,Silly ,Sisterly ,Timely ,Ugly Ungainly ,Unruly , Unseemly ,
(Unsightlyworldly ,Womanly ,Worldly Weekly (Can also be an adverb , Yearly (Can also be an adverb
These 10 sites are the best sites that help you learn to speak English
. we
gathered up 10 sites to help you learn to speak English
. Talk English http://www.talkenglish.com/ 1
.Best site we've found. It has tons of audio for you to listen to, vocabulary, phrases and conversations
2./ Lets Talk In English http://www.lets-talk-in-english.com
.Lets Talk in English give you the chance to talk in English. They have many many resources for writers
3. BBC Learning Englishhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/general/talkaboutenglish/
BBC has a ton of resources on how to speak and learn English. A must for someone struggling.
4. English Club http://www.englishclub.com/speaking
.A good site
5. Voki http://www.voki.com/
This is a pretty fun site. It allows you to create an avatar of yourself and share it with others. You can practice speaking this .way
6./ Language Guide http://www.languageguide.org/english
.Another great English guide
7. Listen and Write http://www.listen-and-write.com/
Basically Listen and Write allows you to hear the language and then asks you to fill in the words by typing them. It is a helpful site.
8. Lyriscs training http://www.lyricstraining.com/index.php
.The site lets you sing along with songs to learn the language
9. Nonstop English http://www.nonstopenglish.com/exercise.asp?exid=916
.Has some great resources that allow you to practice your English
10. I Learn to Speak Englishhttp://www.ilearntospeakenglish.com/#/welcome-to-our-site
This is a new site, but it looks promising. Just the first couple of lessons are online, but it seems like more is to come. It is easy .to practice your English here
نمونه طرح درس
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In
the Name of the God درسسدذاتتت
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Pre-university Lesson Plan 2 Lesson 2 Time: 80 min. Rogani Pre-university Number of Students: 32 Teacher: F.Taheri female “Reading” Goals: Enabling the students to read and understand three paragraphs of lesson 2 on the first page. Material: pictures, whiteboard, text book, , notebook Title: How to Give a Good Speech
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Review |
- Review of the previous lesson by asking questions,like, What are the effects of doing exercising on your mind , heart and etc? What does endorphine , skull ,l ung or vessel mean? 5 min ?What is the function of your heart? ?Any questions from the previous lesson?
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Pre-reading questions |
Asking some questions about the picture on page 11. Then Asking pre-study questions on page 12 and . I allow the students to talk about their own experiences or of giving a lecture. *giving synonyms for nervous and anxious and situation. * Encouraging the students to share ideas and experiences. 10 min *not to interrupt the students in order to correct them.
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Reading
homework |
Books open 60 min - Students listen to the tape to get the gist of idea. * It helps the students not only to get the gist of idea but also to hear the correct pronunciation which can prevent fossilization. - Students read the paragraph individually. (Silent reading) * When they find a word they don’t know, they underline it with a straight line. If they think they know the meaning but are not sure, they underline it with a squiggly line. -Then Students ask me or each other the meaning of the words they don’t know or aren’t sure of. - Helping students with any remaining words they don’t know. * Using the whiteboard, pictures, … . - Asking some of the students to read the passage aloud. - Asking the class some detailed comprehension questions. - Repeating the same steps for other paragraphs. * Correction : Although in different occasions, different forms of corrections are needed, totally we can accept this order: 1. self correction 2. peer correction 3. teacher correction
-asking the students to read and memorize the definitions of the new bold words and the new words inside the text and study the text for next session.
F.Taheri
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